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Summary - Association of the Independent Electronic Media of
Yugoslavia was the most influential independent media network, with
ratings that were a serious threat to the monopoly on information
held by the Radio Television of Serbia, and as such, experienced
the destiny of one of the first "collateral damages" of the NATO
bombing of Yugoslavia. Regimes repression, as well as the lack of
understanding from the some of the western bodies, inflicted the
substantial damage to the ANEM. However, ANEM managed to survive
the war, keep people's confidence, restore the functionality of
it's radio and TV network, and is continuing it's struggle for the
better, free information.
Association of the Independent Electronic Media (ANEM), after the
series of protests that broke up in the 1996/97 provoked by the
stolen communal elections, managed to group to it's membership over
40 radio and TV stations from Serbia and Montenegro, and to form
a radio network on the basis of professional, true and on time reporting,
a network that covered more than 75% of the territory of Yugoslavia.
In very short time ANEM radio network ratings become higher than
the ratings of the radio program of the Radio Television of Serbia
(RTS). The backbone of the network was the news program of the Radio
B 92 with reports of the other ANEM members. In order to prevent
the numerous obstacles set by the Yugoslav legislation, ANEM radio
network found out the unique technological system by combining the
up-to-date technical solutions, Internet's modus operandi and satellite
broadcasting. Radio signal was sent out of Yugoslavia by the phone
(to avoid the monopoly on satellite communications of the Yugoslav
Telecom), where it was up-linked to the orbital satellite. All the
stations in the network were equipped with the satellite receivers;
the signal was received and simultaneously broadcasted through the
local stations transmitters. This made possible to avoid proceedings
for obtaining any licences from the Federal Ministry of Telecommunications
and other Government Offices, whom from the very beginning realised
that the network was the threat to the absolute monopoly on information
held by the RTS. The network was operating without the Yugoslav
satellite up-link and without the expensive system of the terrestrial
relay stations. This networking model soon became an example of
an "alternative" linking of the independent media in other countries,
and even the RTS itself tried to do the same when during the NATO
bombing most of it's terrestrial broadcasting system was destroyed.
Development of the ANEM TV network started in the similar way. Quality
programs were obtained, production started as well as the training
and the preparations for the building of the central TV news studio.
Regime was from the very beginning hostile towards ANEM. Stations
were banned on various reasons. On last years Federal Ministry of
Telecommunications public tender from more than 40 applications
for the radio and TV frequencies submitted by the ANEM members with
complete documentation, just two frequencies were granted. But the
final turning point was the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. From that
moment on, regime decided to play extremely rough and to start the
clash with the media already called the "mercenaries, traitors and
spies". Independent media, especially ANEM, was the first collateral
damage of the NATO bombing. When it becomes clear that the war was
inevitable, even before the first bombs were dropped on Yugoslavia,
on March 24th, 1999 Belgrade Radio B 92 was banned. Since this haven't
stop the broadcasting of the ANEM satellite news, Radio B 92, as
the backbone of the ANEM network and the strongest single independent
media in Yugoslavia, was illegally and with the police assistance
took over by the newly appointed management, which fired all the
employees and usurped all the offices and the equipment of the both
Radio B 92 and ANEM. This stopped the satellite distribution of
the program of the ANEM network, but it soon appeared that most
of the ANEM members in the other cities were capable and determined
to, even in the conditions of war, resume the independent reporting.
ANEM members were linking to each other, and exchanging it's programs.
This led to the even stronger repression towards the ANEM members
throughout Serbia (ANEM members in Montenegro were somehow spared
thanks to the "protection" of the reform government of Montenegro).
Aside from the drafting of the editors in chief and journalists
of the ANEM members (editors in chief and journalists of the pro-government
media were never drafted), direct repression started on the March
25th, when independent Radio 021 from Novi Sad ("second largest
city in Serbia" as often described on the CNN during the numerous
and cruel bombing). On the March 27th, TV Soko from Soko Banja was
banned, and editor in chief of this station was in summary proceeding
sentenced to one year of imprisonment for the sticking of the "FREE
PRESS" poster in the window of the station. On the March 31st, Radio
Jasenica from Smederevska Palanka was banned. On the April 2nd and
3rd, radio stations in Kikinda and Senta were banned, as well as
TV Cacak and TV Kuršumlija. Reasoning of the decisions stated that
these two stations were "operating contrary to the interest of the
defence of the country". On June 18th, RTV Devic from Smederevska
Palanka was banned, and son of the owner of this station was beaten
and seriously injured by unknown attackers. Censors were appointed
to the other stations, or they were ordered to broadcast the program
of the RTS on it's frequencies. Journalists and other employees
were constantly threatened with lynch. Despite this drastic measures
and state of war declared in Yugoslavia, majority of the stations
found the strength to keep on broadcasting. TV Soko from Soko Banja
was closed down 3 times, but despite that resumed to broadcast.
Banned RTV Kuršumlija never actually stopped to broadcast. Other
stations, as for example RTV Pancevo which covered city of Pancevo
and major part of Belgrade, become the symbol of the true reporting
in the war conditions, and rare oasis in the radio-waves, free from
RTS propaganda. ANEM stations in Cacak, Kraljevo, Kragujevac and
other cities in Serbia were first to report on Yugoslav Army reservists
rallies, and citizens rallies that started right after the end of
the war. Result was higher ratings of the most of the ANEM members
during the war, or right after the war. On July 26th, Radio 021
from Novi Sad resumed broadcasting, and other banned ANEM members
are getting ready to resume broadcasting despite the still valid
decisions on their closing. Original team of the "real" Radio B
92, as the part of the campaign for liberation of the seized Radio
B 92, started on August 2nd 1999 to broadcast 12 hours of news and
music program daily, with the old program scheme as the model, and
under the name of B2 92, in co-operation with Belgrade based station
Studio B, which program took the top of the ratings in Belgrade
in just seven days. Simultaneously with the hardest so far repression
of the Yugoslav authorities, ANEM faced, at the beginning of the
war, major misunderstanding from some of the influential West European
countries and institutions which were supporting ANEM earlier in
it's struggle for democracy and professional reporting in the region.
Under the absurd accusations for inadequate reporting on Kosovo
crisis and NATO bombing, and after Radio B 92 and ANEM journalists
refused to leave the country and start working on projects of broadcasting
program from abroad and under the western patronage, while the same
West was bombing Yugoslav citizens, ANEM for first time encountered
international isolation. It was time consuming and required lot
of efforts to explain to some people that the concept of the independent,
professional and credible information, could only be held out through
the Radio and TV programs broadcasted from within the country, and
that ANEM is not, and will never be weapon of anyone's propaganda,
because that is contrary to it's basic principles of existence.
After the war ANEM and it's members are encountering numerous difficulties.
All stations are in very difficult financial situation, employees
are underpaid, equipment is considerably damaged and destroyed (NATO
bombing inflicted more damages by destroying ANEM emitters, which
were often located near to the RTS emitters, than Federal Ministry
of Telecommunications did in the years of closures and seizures
of the equipment). There are practically no income from the marketing.
Equipment and premises of the ANEM and Radio B 92, once central
ANEM station, are still in possession of the usurper management.
Anyhow, people that were the skeleton of the ANEM network, journalists
in the stations, ANEM members are working hard to restore and preserve
the project of ANEM radio and TV network against all odds.
ANEM
Radio network re-established it's system of satellite transmission
and started to broadcast again on April 4th 1999, only two days
after forming of the new Radio B2 92. Program of that Radio and
parts of the programs of the other ANEM members, can be heard simultaneously
in the most of the Serbia (ANEM networks coverage of the territory
of Serbia is now the same or even better than the coverage of the
destroyed RTS system). Both radio and TV network re-established
it's mechanisms for exchange of the programs and action co-ordination.
Obviously, the new battle with the regime is to begin, since they
will try to clash this most serious threat in the media field. It
is also necessary to create conditions that will help stations to
maintain to broadcast during the autumn and winter, in the conditions
of total international isolation of Serbia, lack of electricity,
finances, equipment. It is necessary to continue with the programs
of training for the journalists, to continue with the technical
and legal aid for the ANEM members, to restore regional media co-operation
and in that way to promote principles of tolerance, integration,
mutual understanding and reconciliation. Today it looks like an
impossible mission, but people of ANEM believe that with their hard
working, with the help from the friends from the country and abroad,
and especially with the help of journalists and their professional
associations and organisations, most of this goals will be accomplished.
After being knocked down in the war, ANEM is back on the track.
Situation is more difficult than it was before, but ANEM feels stronger
now, with it's undisturbed credibility, with even stronger determination
to survive and to help with it's professional work and reporting
necessary changes in Serbia, changes that will bring Serbia back
to the Europe and the World.
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